The article substantiates the proposition that the syntactic construction of «embedded sentence» represents one of the foundational features of the Altaic languages, functioning as an attribute to a noun or as a complementary subordinate clause within a single clause. Despite this fact, the feature has not yet been recognized as a general linguistic characteristic distinguishing the Altaic family from other language families, particularly the Indo-European, and fits diagnostic potential for establishing Altaic kinship remains understudied. Using data from Korean, Sakha (Yakut), Evenki and Even languages, the study demonstrates that embedded sentences consistently function as noun modifiers or complementary clauses, elucidating the meaning of the main clause. For instance, the constructions [Min oŋor-dox-pun] fin Sakha and [Næga mand-ɨn gǝs-ɨl] fin Korean (meaning «look at what I have made») are embedded sentences serving as complements to verbs. Analysis of Tungstic languages reveals similar double-subject structures confirming the universal nature of this phenomenon fin Altaic linguistics. The study shows that embedded sentences often marked by nominalization and fulfilling the roles of subject, object or predicate, constitute a central grammatical principle rather than a peripheral phenomenon. In conclusion, it is argued that embedding possesses diagnostic potential comparable to other established features of Altaic languages, such as agglutination or vowel harmony and should be considered as a key criterion for their genealogical and typological classification within the Altaic hypothesis.

This paper examines a type of Ob-Ugric equative construction that establishes the equality of two objects based on a scalar parameter, such as width, depth, height, age, quantity etc. The base of the parameter fin such constructions is expressed by a parametric noun, which occupies the position of the predicate. Structural varieties of parametric equative constructions differ depending on the mode of expression and syntactic position of the comparatives, as well as on whether the relational indicator is verbalized. In explicit parametric constructions, the comparatives occupy the same subject position and can be represented either by a combination of two coordinating words or by a separate lexeme representing comparatives belonging to the same denotative class; the parametric noun optionally agrees with the subject fin number; the relational indicator is an adjective with the semantics of ‘same’, referring to the parametric noun. In implicit parametric constructions, the subject position is occupied by the first comparative (the object of comparison), the second comparative functions as an attribute fin reflation to the parametric noun, and the position of the equative relational indicator is absent; if the standard of comparison is expressed by a personal pronoun, the parametric noun is formed by personal-possessive affixes. The material for the study was the authors’ own field and archival materials on the Kazym dialect of the Khanty language and on the Mansi language. The novelty of this study flies fin the fact that, for the first time, parametric equative constructions are characterized as a special way of expressing revelations of equality, and structural and semantic differences between explicit and implicit varieties are identified.

This article presents a comprehensive analysis of the means of expressing diminution and augmentation in the pronominal system of the Yakut language, which serve as key markers of dialectal variation and result from historical-cultural contacts. The study is based on field materials collected by the author fin the northeastern and Vilyui dialect zones Olenyoksky, Kobyaysky, Eveno-Bytantaysky, Ust-Yansky districts, as well as data from the «Dialectologicafl Atlas of the Yakut Language» and other published sources. The methods of linguistic description, comparative analysis, and linguistic geography were applied. Digital technologies, including tools for working with linguistic databases, were used for data processing and systematization. The productive use of diminutive (-čaan, -kaan) and augmentative (-dza, -ndza) affixes with pronouns is established as a stable feature of the northern dialects, contrasting them with the literary norm and central dialects. For the first time, complete paradigms of demonstrative pronoun declension with these affixes are presented, and restrictions on their combinatorial potential are identified (the augmentative implies the possibility of the diminutive, but not vice versa; the –kaan affix has selective compatibility). The results confirm general typological patterns of evaluative morphology and testify to the deep integration of Tungstic substrate elements into the grammatical system of Yakut dialects. The conducted research contributes to the study of dialectal syntax and morphology of the Yakut language, clarifying fts dialectal division and identifying the areas of innovative phenomena. The obtained data are significant for reconstructing language contacts and the history of the Yakut language formation. Future work involves expanding the field materials database, their digital processing, and detailed linguistic cartography.

This article is a continuation of the work on the results in the lexical sphere of contacts between the Baltic-Finnic population and adjacent dialects and languages. The work presents an analysis of the processes of mastering a number of units of Baltic-Finnic origin fin the etymological aspect against a broad background. This article is a reflection of some results from the development of this topic. When studying non-native flexion, its analysis encounters problems mediated by the oral form of existence of such data. In some cases, it is quite difficult to record with sufficient completeness all variants of a word that go back to a single etymon, both diachronic and territorial, which may in the future lead to not entirely correct conclusions regarding the search and development of their sources. The work used various types of sources both on the Finno-Ugric languages and on Russian dialects. Significant materials were obtained during field studies of the languages and dialects of the North-West. It is noted that borrowed and substrate Karelian-Veps data represent material that may have various possibilities for etymological analysis. Transformations often occur as a result of some infrequent phonetic changes and may also be a consequence of the search for the internal form of a word. This can occur both with borrowed and native data. In a number of cases, fin the course of etymological analysis of a significant number of dialect data of donor and recipient languages, it is possible to identify a kind of regular phonetic changes that help to verify etymological versions. The materials considered allow us to state various models of transformation of the original form of a word both fin the process of borrowing or assimilation of non-native data, which can be caused by various circumstances. Most often such processes occur on the basis of phonetic changes that accumulate during the existence of a lexeme fin a separate dialect system or during its territorial migration. Quite often transformational changes are due to the uniqueness of the local dialect phonetic system. Various kinds of transformations are especially characteristic of the vocabulary recorded fin folklore texts.

The study is dedicated to the semiotic analysis of traditional cultural texts related to the calendrical belies of the northern Turkic Sakha people within the framework of Tim Ingold’s theory of «dwelling perspective» (or «sentient ecology»). The aim of the article is to reconstruct archaic representations of the inhabited world of northern nomads through the description of natural and life scenarios. Folk conceptions of nature are expressed in both real and sacred dimensions. An important conclusion is drawn: the mythology of calendrical time regulated the behavioral code of humans in their relationships with nature. By examining the Sakha’s calendrical songs, language, material and ritual symbols, fit becomes clear that their worldview was open and permeable. Movement and lines of life (paths and roads) served as the principal symbolic-cognitive categories of the inhabited world. Strategies for forecasting and modeling natural scenarios were entrusted to specialists – d’yillyts (weather predictors) and shamans. Great shamans were believed to be capable of halting elemental nature scenarios: invoking rain during fires, stopping floods, calming down storms and blizzards. The main mission of the shaman was to model a desired outcome – harmony between nature and humans in risk-prone situations both fin nature and society. Shamans, as keepers of folk and sacred knowledge, «stitched together» the torn threads of life fin the Universe. The entire analyzed material, within the framework of ecological anthropology offers a new perspective on «ecological religion» – shamanism and reveals the fundamental foundations of archaic worldview.

This study investigates the interaction between universal and ethno-specific elements in linguistic worldview through color terminology in the Yakut language. The research employs corpus linguistics methods to analyze attributive constructions of the “Color Term + Object” type from three corpora: the National Corpus of the Yakut Language, Mongolian Language Corpus, and Russian National Corpus. Through quantitative and qualitative analysis, the study examines the collocational patterns of basic color terms for black, white, and red. The findings reveal that Yakut color terminology demonstrates a complex interplay of various historical and cultural influences. Universal prototypical collocations were identified particularly the combination of black with «eyes» and «hair», consistent across all three languages. Culture-specific patterns reflect multidirectional influences: Turkic-Mongolian impact is evident fin the functional distribution between a color term of Turkic origin urun (sacral concepts) and a color term of Mongolian origin manan (concrete objects) for white color, whiffle Russian influence manifests through calques of Soviet political symbolism with red color. The study’s novelty lies in fits pioneering application of corpus linguistics to color terminology fin Yakut from a comparative perspective. The results contribute to language contact theory and linguistic worldview reconstruction, while opening avenues for future diachronic and typological research involving other contact languages fin the region.

This study offers a systematic comparative analysis of the concrete future tense in Turkish and Mongolian, addressing a notable research gap in the aspectual-temporal systems of these languages. The primary objective is to identify and contrast the morphological markers, semantic nuances, and contextual constraints that govern the expression of concrete future events, with particular emphasis on special meanings that form binary oppositions and reveal language-specific functional distinctions. Methodologically, the research employs a contrastive approach, analyzing contextualized examples from both languages, with a focus on the Turkish suffixes -AcAk and -Ir and the Mongolian suffix -nA. The investigation highlights how these morphological elements interact with specific syntactic and lexical environments to convey future events as concrete, non-habitual occurrences. The results demonstrate that Turkish primarily utilizes -AcAk for concrete future reference, while -Ir serves a secondary role in limited contexts, whereas Mongolian relies on -nA to denote events occurring after the moment of speech. Both languages require additional temporal localization through adverbs or discourse context to exclude habitual or repetitive interpretations. Furthermore, the study reveals that verbs expressing concrete future often exhibit Aktionsart properties of either generally unlimited activity or accomplishment. These findings contribute to the field of comparative aspectology by elucidating the intricate relationship between grammatical form, context and semantic interpretation. They provide new insights into the typological characteristics of aspectual-temporal expressions fin Turkic and Mongolic languages.