The differences of the US Arctic policy in accordance with the National Security Strategies

   The National Security Strategy is one of the most important documents in the field of defense for any country that has such a document. Such a strategy reflects the main directions of the state in relation to certain regions, determines the national interests and threats that stand in the way of the existence or development of the state and its people. The growing interest
of the world community in the Arctic region over the last two decades cannot but affect the policy of the five Arctic states, among which are the United States.

   The purpose of the article is to clarify the assigned role for the Arctic in the US politics and security and its changes over the past two decades. In this article the authors examine how the policy of the United States of America towards the Arctic region has changed in accordance with the National Security Strategies of 2000, 2002, 2006, 2010, 2015, 2017, 2022.

   During the analysis of the text of the documents it was concluded that interest in the Arctic in the first decade of the XXI century for the United States faded, but after 2007, when Russia made it clear to the world about its return to the Arctic through the A. N. Chilingarov expedition and the installation of the Russian flag at the bottom of the Arctic Ocean, the Arctic began to acquire increasing importance in the US politics.

1. Mid.ru, (2008). Declaration of the Conference on the Arctic Ocean, Ilulissat, Greenland, May 27-29, 2008. Official website of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia. [online] Available from: https://www.mid.ru/ru/foreign_policy/rso/1716188/ (accessed: 06. 04. 2023). (In Russ.)

2. Russiancouncil.ru, (2013). The St. Petersburg Convention with England concerning the delimitation of the mutual spaces of the possessions of Russia and England in North America (the Russian-English Convention of 1825). The Arctic region: problems of international cooperation. A textbook in 3 volumes. Russian Council for International Affairs. [online] Available from: https://russiancouncil.ru/common/upload/Arctic %20Anthology%20Vol %203.pdf (accessed: 20. 01. 2023). (In Russ.)

3. Vylegzhanin, A. N. (2012). Refusal to participate in the Convention on the Law of the Sea gives the USA advantages. [online] Available from: https://mgimo.ru/about/news/experts/226099/ (accessed: 23. 01. 2023). (In Russ.)

4. Glazunova, I. M. (2011). The Arctic policy of the USA in 2007–2011. International relations and world politics. [Online], No. 2. – Pp. 228–243. Available from: https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=16523420 (accessed: 06. 04. 2023). (In Russ.)

5. Zhudro, I. S. (2015). The role of international customs in the management of the Arctic. Law in the modern world. [Online], No. 1. − Pp. 6–13. Available from: http://pravo.mgimo.ru/sites/default/files/pdf/03_zhudroi.pdf (accessed: 23. 01. 2023). (In Russ.)

6. Legal.un.org, (1993). Summary of decisions, advisory opinions and rulings of the International Court of Justice 1948–1991. Official website of the UN Legal Division of the Office of Legal Affairs. [online] Available from: https://legal.un.org/icjsummaries/documents/russian/st_leg_serf1.pdf (accessed: 20. 01. 2023). (In Russ.)

7. History.defense.gov, (1998). A National Security Strategy for a New Century. Official website of the Historical Department of the Office of the Minister of Defense. [online] Available from: https://history.defense.gov/Portals/70/Documents/nss/nss1998.pdf?ver=zl1p-sJtgDvXOM01YVnfqA%3d %3d (accessed: 15. 01. 2023).

8. History.defense.gov, (2020). A National Security Strategy for a Global age. Official website of the Historical Department of the Office of the Minister of Defense. [online] Available from: https://history.defense.gov/Portals/70/Documents/nss/nss2000.pdf (accessed: 16. 01. 2023).

9. Ipcc.ch, (2022). IPCC Sixth Assessment Report. Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Official website of The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. [online] Available from: https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ (accessed: 21. 01. 2023).

10. Obamawhitehouse.archives.gov, (2010). National Security Strategy. Official website of the US White House under the administration of President Barack Obama. [online] Available from: https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/rss_viewer/national_security_strategy.pdf (accessed: 16. 01. 2023).

11. Obamawhitehouse.archives.gov, (2015). National Security Strategy. Official website of the US White House under the administration of President Barack Obama. [online] Available from: https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/docs/2015_national_security_strategy_2.pdf (accessed: 20. 01. 2023).

12. Trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov, (2017). National Security Strategy of the United States of America. Official website of the US White House under the administration of President Donald Trump. [online] Available from: https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/NSS-Final-12-18-2017-0905.pdf (accessed: 20. 01. 2023).

13. Whitehouse.gov, (2022). National Security Strategy. Official website of the US White House. [online] Available from: https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Biden-Harris-Administrations-National-Security-Strategy-10.2022.pdf (accessed: 16. 01. 2023).

14. Georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov, (2002). The National Security Strategy. Official website of the US White House under the administration of President George W. Bush. [online] Available from: https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/nsc/nss/2002/ (accessed: 17. 01. 2023).

15. Georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov, (2006). The National Security Strategy. Official website of the US White House under the administration of President George W. Bush. [online] Available from: https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/nsc/nss/2006/ (accessed: 18. 01. 2023).

16. Nap.nationalacademies.org., (2011). U.S. Naval Forces Need to Prepare for Effects of Climate Change. Official website of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA. [online] Available from: http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=12914#description (accessed: 06. 04. 2023).